Three new ursane-type triterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis and their biological activities / 中国天然药物

Three new ursane-type triterpenoids, 3-oxours-12-en-20, 28-olide (1), 3β-hydroxyurs-12-en-20, 28-olide (2) and 3β-hydroxyurs-11, 13(18)-dien-20, 28-olide (3), were isolated from a potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial fraction of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments, MS data and comparisons with literature reports. Compounds 1-3 exhibited significantly inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, but no antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 128 μg·mL-1.

Effect of essential oils on the development of Colletotrichum sp. fungus in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus citriodora and Rosmarinus officinalis on the mycelial development of the fungus Colletotrichum sp. in fragments of Feijoa sellowiana fruits. The essential oils were incorporated in the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) medium in the concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 ppm, 0 ppm (PDA only) (negative control), and fungicide fluazinam 1% (positive control). The area under the mycelial growth curve (AUMGC) and percent inhibition of mycelial growth (PIMG) were calculated. In the second evaluation, fruits fragments bordering the disease symptom were immersed in essential oils aqueous solution of S. aromaticum, C. citratus, and E. citriodora, at the concentration of 5000 ppm, 0 ppm (water only - negative control) and fluazinam 1% (positive control). The immersion times in the treatments were: 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, with subsequent incubation in Agar-Agar medium at 25°C. This evaluation was performed daily for 15 days, observing the moment of fungal germination through the emission of the mycelium. It was verified from the obtained results that all treatments reduced the fungal growth, and the essential oils of C. citratus and S. aromaticum totally inhibited its growth from the dose 500 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Regarding the test on fruit fragments, the essential oil of S. aromaticum at the immersion times of 12 and 24 hours was effective in inhibiting the fungus until the 15th day of evaluation.

Chemo-typing of Three Egyptian Rosemary Oil for Their Chemical Composition and Anti-oxidant Activity

Aims:To study the chemical composition of volatile oil samples from different place in Egypt (Mansoura, Gamsa and Assuit) and study their antioxidant activity determined by DPPH assay.Study Design: Hydro distillation of volatile oil samples and theirGC/MS analysis and determination of their antioxidant activity by DPPH assay.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of pharmacy, Mansoura university, Egypt, between June 2015 and November 2017.Methodology:The essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation for 5 h using a Clevenger-type all-glass apparatus according to the standard procedure of the European pharmacopeia and volatile oils analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. GC analysis was carried out using Focus-DSQ-ӀI GC/MS instrument (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA) equipped with TR-5 fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm).Results: The yield of the essential oils of three rosemary plants growing in Mansoura (RM), Gamsa (RG) and Assiut (RA) were 0.20% v/w, 0.32% v/w and 0.24% v/w, respectively. Their chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS, RM and RG were found to be α-pinene dominated chemotypes, 32.4% and 29.6%, respectively, meanwhile RA was camphor dominated chemotype (17.2%). Furthermore, their antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay. Their IC50 values of essential oils of RM, RG and RA were 8.66 ± 0.7, 8.18 ± 0.5 and 9.74 ± 0.2, respectively.Conclusion:The GC/MS spectral data revealed the considerable difference between the chemical composition of essential oil constituents of RM, RG and RA which lead to different chemotypes. The present results also demonstrate that REO obtained from different areas inEgypt exhibited free radical scavenging activity determined by DPPH assay due to the synergistic effect between their constituents.

Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidative potential and microbial stability of innovative liver pâté fortified with rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Background: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) contains active substances that have desirable properties for industrial and herbal medicine applications, e.g., essential oils (1.5­2.5%), tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, resins, phytosterols, rosmarinic acid and many others. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of rosemary extract and 20% rapeseed oil substitution for animal fat on storage changes and inhibition of cholinesterases in liver pâté. Results: Preliminary research showed that rosemary extract exhibited antioxidative activity in the system of accelerated Rancimat and Oxidograph tests. Then, rosemary extract was used as an ingredient in liver pâté. During the experiment, meat samples were refrigerated and tested on days 1, 5, 8, 12 and 15 after production. The study proved that the substitution of 20% of animal fat with rapeseed oil decreased the content of saturated acids and increased the content of monoenic fatty acids by approximately 5% and polyene fatty acids by 40%. Conclusions: In addition to antioxidative activity, the rosemary extract affected the health-promoting value of the samples, which inhibited cholinesterase activity during the entire storage period. The extract inhibited AChE more than BChE.

Clinical assessment of rosemary-based toothpaste (rosmarinus officinalis linn. ): a randomized controlled double-blind study

Abstract The present study was to investigate the action of a toothpaste made from the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (rosemary) in a clinical randomized, controlled, open and double-blind trial. One hundred and ten volunteers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were randomly separated into two groups according to the toothpastes used: Group A (experimental) and Group B (control). They were assessed at baseline and 30 days after the study using the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and the plaque index (PI). Data analysis was conducted to calculate the effects of the two toothpastes on gingival bleeding and plaque, using measurements such as the excess relative risk (ERR), the Relative Risk Reduction (RRR), the Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) and the Number Needed for Treatment (NNT). The two toothpastes provided similar results in terms of the reduction in the risk of gingival bleeding (relative and absolute): a reduction of 38% in Group A, ERR=0.38; a reduction of 29.3% in Group B, ERR=0.293; A and B reduced by 18% ARR=0.18). The reductions in bacterial plaque were also similar (22.7% reduction in Group A, RRR=0.227; 28% reduction in Group B, RRR= 0.28). The number needed for treatment values for bleeding and plaque were A and B NNT=5 and A and B NNT=7, respectively. The rosemary-based toothpaste effectively treated gingival bleeding and reduced bacterial plaque, when compared with conventional toothpaste.

Resumo O presente estudo investigou a ação de uma pasta de dente feita a partir do extrato de Rosmarinus officinalis Linn. (Alecrim) em um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, aberto e duplo-cego. Cento e dez voluntários preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com as pastas usadas: Grupo A (experimental) e Grupo B (controle). Eles foram avaliados no início e 30 dias após o estudo usando o índice de sangramento gengival (GBI) e o índice de placa (PI). A análise dos dados foi realizada para calcular os efeitos das duas pastas dentárias sobre sangramento gengival e placa, usando medidas como o excesso de risco relativo (ERR), a Redução do Risco Relativo (RRR), a Redução do Risco Absoluto (ARR) e o Número Necessário para Tratamento (NNT). As duas pastas de dentes proporcionaram resultados semelhantes em termos de redução do risco de sangramento gengival (relativo e absoluto): redução de 38% no Grupo A, ERR=0,38; Uma redução de 29,3% no Grupo B, ERR=0,293; A e B reduziram-se em 18% ARR=0,18). As reduções na placa bacteriana também foram semelhantes (redução de 22,7% no Grupo A, RRR=0,227, redução de 28% no Grupo B, RRR=0,28). O número necessário para tratamento de sangramento e placa foi A e B NNT=5 e A e B NNT=7, respectivamente. A pasta de dente à base de alecrim tratou efetivamente o sangramento gengival e reduziu a placa bacteriana, quando comparada à pasta dentífrica convencional.

Two new abietane diterpenes from Rosmarinus officinalis / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of aerial part of Rosmarinus officinalis. Methods: Compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography on silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 gel column. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of their NMR and HRESIMS data. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by SRB methods. Results: Ten compounds were obtained and identified as 7-O-isopropyl-epirosmanol (1), 7-O-isopropyl rosmaquinone (2), rosmanol (3), 7-O-methyl-rosmanol (4), epirosmanol (5), 7-methoxy-epirosmanol (6), rosmaquinone B (7), carnosol (8), galdosol (9) and pisiferal (10). Conclusion: Compounds 1 and 2 are new abietane diterpenes named 7-O-isopropyl-epirosmanol (1), 7-O-isopropyl rosmaquinone (2), and showed no cytotoxicity.

Total protein level reduction of odontopathogens biofilms by Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract: an analysis on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans / Redução do nível de proteína total de biofilmes de odontopatógenos por extrato de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim): uma análise sobre Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans

Objective: The resistance of fungi and bacteria to the available antimicrobials has increased and the development of alternative products to control them has become a very requirement. The use of plant products could be a viable option due to the efficacy, viability, and availability they present. Thereby, this study evaluated the effect of R. officinalis L. extract on C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, by the total protein level analysis presented by the microorganisms. Material and Methods: For this purpose, monomicrobial biofilms were formed for 48 h and exposed to the R. officinalis L. extract for 5 min. Then, total protein quantification was performed by Lowry method. Results: The analysis showed significant total protein reduction of the biofilms after exposure to the plant extract, with 39 ± 11%, for C. albicans, and 32 ± 11%, for S. mutans. Conclusion: R. officinalis L. extract decreased the total protein level in both biofilms. Thus, C. albicans and S. mutans protein composition could be a target for action of antimicrobial agents. (AU)

Objetivo: A resistência de fungos e bactérias aos antimicrobianos disponíveis tem se elevado e o desenvolvimento de produtos alternativos para controlar micróbios tem se tornado uma necessidade real. A utilização de produtos de origem vegetal poderia ser uma opção viável, devido à eficácia, viabilidade e disponibilidade que apresentam. Sendo assim, este estudo avaliou o efeito do extrato de R. officinalis L. (alecrim) sobre biofilmes de C. albicans and S. mutans, analisando o nível de proteína total apresentada pelos micro-organismos. Material e Métodos: Para tanto, biofilmes monomicrobianos foram formados por 48 h e expostos ao extrato de R. officinalis L. por 5 min. Então, a quantificação de proteína total foi realizada por método de Lowry. Resultados: A análise demonstrou reduções significativas de proteína total de cada biofilme após exposição ao extrato, sendo 39 ± 11% no biofilme de C. albicans e 32 ± 11%, no caso de S. mutans. Conclusão: O extrato de R. officinalis L. diminuiu o nível de proteína total em ambos os biofilmes. Com isso, a composição proteica de C. albicans e S. mutans poderia ser um alvo para ação de agentes antimicrobianos. (AU)

Engineering spray-dried rosemary extracts with improved physicomechanical properties: a design of experiments issue

ABSTRACT A 33 Box–Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology were performed to evaluate the influence of extract feed rate, drying air inlet temperature and spray nozzle airflow rate on the process yield, stability parameters (moisture content and water activity) and on several physicomechanical properties of spray-dried rosemary extracts. Powder yield ranged from 17.1 to 74.96%. The spray-dried rosemary extracts showed moisture content and water activity below 5% and 0.5%, respectively, which indicate their chemical and microbiological stabilities. Even without using drying aids, some sets of experimental conditions rendered dried products with suitable flowability and compressibility characteristics for direct preparation of solid dosage forms. Analysis of variance and Response Surface Methodology proved that studied factors significantly affected most of the spray-dried rosemary extract quality indicators at different levels. The main processing parameter affecting the spray-dried rosemary extract characteristics was inlet temperature. The best combination of parameters used to obtain a reasonable yield of stable dry rosemary extracts with adequate technological properties for pharmaceutical purpose involves an extract feed rate of 2 ml/min, 80 °C inlet temperature and 40 l/min SA. The design of experiments approach is an interesting strategy for engineering spray-dried rosemary extracts with improved characteristics for pharmaceutical industrial purpose.

Extrato de Rosmarinus Officinalis l. (Alecrim) reduz a viabilidade de biofilmes de interesse para saúde bucal / Rosmarinus officinalis l. (Rosemary) extract decreases the biofilms viability of oral health interest

Objetivo: No presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito do extrato de alecrim sobre a viabilidade de biofilmes monomicrobianos de Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bem como, sobre biofilmes polimicrobianos de C. albicans associada com S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans ou P. aeruginosa. Material e métodos: Em placa de microtitulação foram formados os biofilmes mono e polimicrobianos por 48 h. Em seguida, foram expostos por 5 min ao extrato de alecrim (200 mg/mL). Solução salina (NaCl 0,9%) foi utilizada como controle. Após, foram realizadas lavagens com salina para remoção de células não aderidas. Para verificação da viabilidade dos biofilmes, após o tratamento, foi aplicado o teste colorimétrico MTT. A absorbância dos poços foi lida em espectrofotômetro de microplacas (570 nm) e os dados foram convertidos em percentual de redução e analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e Tukey Test (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Após aplicação do extrato de alecrim, com exceção do biofilme de E. faecalis, foram observadas reduções significativas da viabilidade dos biofilmes monomicrobianos e polimicrobianos. Conclusão: Biofilmes monomicrobianos de C. albicans, S. aureus, S. mutans e P. aeruginosa, foram afetados pelo extrato de alecrim, bem como, os biofilmes polimicrobianos de C. albicans associada com S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans ou P. aeruginosa em biofilmes polimicrobianos, apresentando significativas reduções de viabilidade.(AU)

Objective: This study evaluated the effect of rosemary extract on Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monomicrobial biofilms viability, as well as on C. albicans associated with S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans or P. aeruginosa in polymicrobial biofilms. Material and Methods: In microtiter plate, mono- and polymicrobial biofilms for 48 h were formed. Then, they were exposed for 5 min to rosemary extract (200 mg/mL). Saline (0.9% NaCl) was used as control. After, washes were done with saline to remove the non-adhered cells. Biofilm viability was checked by MTT colorimetric assay, after treatment. Absorbance of the wells was read in microplate spectrophotometer (570 nm) and data were converted to reduction percentage and statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). Results: After application of rosemary extract, with exception of the E. faecalis biofilm, significant reductions in mono- and polymicrobial biofilms viability were observed. Conclusion: C. albicans, S. aureus, S. mutans and P. aeruginosa monomicrobial biofilms were affected by rosemary extract, as well as C. albicans associated with S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. mutans or P. aeruginosa in polymicrobial biofilms, presenting significant viability reductions. (AU)

Antibiofilm activity in vitro of Rosmarinus officinalis and Syzygium cumini glycolic extracts on Staphylococcus spp. of dentistry interest / Atividade antibiofilme in vitro dos extratos glicólicos de Rosmarinus officinalis e Syzygium cumini em Staphylococcus spp. de interesse odontológico

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the slime production and evaluate the effects of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Syzygium cumini (jambolan) glycolic extracts, and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) in biofilms formed by strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus - CPS and coagulase negative Staphylococcus - CNS isolated from the oral cavity. Material and Methods: Slime production was evaluated by two methods: the color of colony presented in Congo red agar, and through the amount of slime adhered to polystyrene. Biofilms were grown in acrylic resin discs immersed in broth, inoculated with microbial suspension (106 cells/ml) and incubated at 37°C/48 h. After formation, the biofilms were exposed for 5 minutes to glycol extracts, CHX or saline solution. The viability of biofilms was determined by counting the colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) in agar, and analyzed statistically by Tukey test (p< 0.05). Results: The strains S. aureus, S. schleiferi and S. epidermidis obtained the highest values of slime adhered to polystyrene. R. officinalis promoted reductions ranging from 12.1% to 78.7% in biofilms formed by isolates of CPS, and 9.2% to 73.7% in the biofilms of CNS. S. cumini reduced 12% to 55.7% in biofilms of CPS, and 7.9% to 71.5% in biofilms of CNS. With exception of S. saprophyticus, glycol extracts produced significant reductions in biofilms. For five isolates studied, R. officinalis produced greater reductions than CHX. Conclusion: R. officinalis and S. cumini showed effective antibiofilm activity against isolates that showed slime production.(AU)

Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a produção de slime e avaliar os efeitos dos extratos glicólicos de Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim), Syzygium cumini (jambolão) e 0,12% de clorexidina (CLX) em biofilmes formados por cepas de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo (SCP) e Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (SCN) da cavidade oral. Material e Métodos: A produção de slime foi avaliada por dois métodos: a cor da colônia apresentada em ágar vermelho Congo e pela quantidade de slime aderido ao poliestireno. Os biofilmes foram crescidos em discos de resina acrílica imersos em caldo, inoculados com suspensão microbiana (106 células/ml) e incubados a 37°C/48h. Após a formação, os biofilmes foram expostos durante 5 minutos aos extractos glicólicos, CLX ou solução salina. A viabilidade dos biofilmes foi determinada pela contagem das unidades formadoras de colônias por mililitro (UFC/ml) em ágar e analisada estatisticamente pelo teste de Tukey (p< 0,05). Resultados: As cepas S. aureus, S. schleiferi e S. epidermidis obtiveram os maiores valores de aderência ao poliestireno. R. officinalis promoveu reduções variando de 12,1% a 78,7% em biofilmes formados por isolados de SCP e 9,2% a 73,7% nos biofilmes de SCN. S. cumini reduziu de 12% a 55,7% nos biofilmes de SCP, e 7,9% a 71,5% nos biofilmes de SCN. Com exceção de S. saprophyticus, os extratos glicólicos produziram reduções estatísticas nos biofilmes. Para cinco isolados estudados, R. officinalis produziu maiores reduções do que CLX. Conclusão: R. officinalis e S. cumini mostraram atividade antibiofilme efetiva contra isolados que apresentaram produção de slime.(AU)

Selection and role of a mix rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) - palmitate ascorbyl as antioxidant in a frying process / Selección y función de una mezcla de ascorbil palmitato-romero (Rosmarinus officinalis) como antioxidante en un proceso de fritura

Background: Several investigations report to rosemary as a plant rich in bioactive components with antioxidant potential, in this work, a rosemary extract was obtained that combined with ascorbyl palmitate provides a synergistic protection to a high fat diet (palm olein). Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of two extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): AP10R and AP30R at three concentrations of 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, on the oxidative stability of palm oil subjected to accelerated oxidation conditions and in a frying process. Methods: Lipid peroxidation of palm olein with and without antioxidants was monitored by measuring the concentration of hydroperoxides and total polar compounds; the thermal stability of the phenolic compounds in the oil was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Results: The AP10R extract at 2000 ppm inhibited olein oxidation by 30% and 60% in terms of total hydroperoxide and polar concentrations, respectively. The AP30 extract at 2000 ppm had similar inhibition behaviors with values of 27% of total hydroperoxides and 54% by total polar compounds in a time from 20 to 25 h. Conclusions: The results indicated that heating reduces the concentration of polyphenols; this decrease was more evident in olein without antioxidants, reflecting the effect of the polyphenols of rosemary extract on the thermal stability of palm olein.

Antecedentes: Diversas investigaciones reportan al romero como una planta rica en componentes bioactivos con potencial antioxidante, en este trabajo, se obtuvo un extracto de romero que combinado con ascorbil palmitato brinda una protección sinérgica a un sistema alimenticio con alto contenido graso (oleína de palma). Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la adición de dos extractos de romero (Rosmarinus officinalis): AP10R y AP30R a tres concentraciones de 1000, 1500 y 2000 ppm, sobre la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite de palma sometido a condiciones de oxidación acelerada y en un proceso de fritura. Métodos: La peroxidación lipídica de la oleína de palma con y sin antioxidantes fue monitoreada midiendo la concentración de hidroperóxidos y los compuestos polares totales; la estabilidad térmica de los compuestos fenólicos en el aceite se evaluó por espectroscopia de fluorescencia. Resultados: El extracto AP10R a 2000 ppm inhibió la oxidación de oleína en 30% y 60% en términos de la concentración de hidroperóxidos y polares totales, respectivamente. El extracto AP30 a 2000 ppm tuvo comportamientos similares de inhibición con valores de 27% para hidroperóxidos y 54% para el contenido de fenoles totales en un tiempo de 20 a 25 h. Conclusiones: Los resultados indicaron que el calentamiento disminuye la concentración de polifenoles; esta disminución fue más evidente en la oleína sin antioxidantes, reflejando el efecto de los polifenoles del extracto de romero sobre la estabilidad térmica de la oleína de palma.

Dentifrice Containing Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis Linn: An Antimicrobial Evaluation

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a dentifrice containing an alcoholic extract of rosemary on oral bacteria, compared to a commercially available herbal dentifrice. Standard strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 9811) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 7469) were used, as well as different toothpastes based on rosemary (TR), on propolis (TH), triclosan (positive control) (TPC) and non-fluoridated dentifrice (negative control) (TNC). Bacteria were seeded in Petri dishes and paper discs soaked with dilutions of dentifrice placed on the plates. The inhibition halos were analyzed. It was observed that TR did not show statistical difference in relation to the TH to inhibit S. mutans and S. oralis, while TH was more active against L. rhamnosus. The toothpaste containing rosemary extract had the ability to inhibit the growth of S. mutans, S. oralis and L. rhamnosus, revealing an antimicrobial activity similar to commercially available toothpastes for inhibition of S. mutans and S. oralis.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de um dentifrício extrato alcoólico de alecrim sobre bactérias orais, comparando-o a um dentifrício herbal disponível no mercado. Cepas padrão de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC 9811) e Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 7469) foram utilizadas, bem como diferentes dentifrícios à base de alecrim (TR), própolis (TH), triclosan (controle positivo) (TPC) e sem flúor (controle negativo) (TNC). Placas de Petri foram inoculadas com as bactérias e discos de papel embebidos com diluições de cada dentifrício foram colocados nas placas. Em seguida, foram analisados os halos de inibição. Observou-se que o TR não mostrou diferença estatística em relação ao TH para inibição dos S. mutans e S. oralis, enquanto TH foi mais ativo contra L. rhamnosus. O dentifrício contendo extrato de alecrim foi capaz de inibir o crescimento de S. mutans, S. oralis e L. rhamnosus, revelando uma atividade antimicrobiana semelhante ao dentifrício disponível comercialmente na inibição de S. mutans e S. oralis.

Efecto del aceite esencial de Rosmarinus officinalis sobre Porphyromonas gingivalis cultivada in vitro / Effect of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis on Porphyromonas gingivalis cultivated in vitro

El interés por los productos naturales como fuente de agentes antimicrobianos ha ido en aumento. Estudios previos han demostrado que extractos de plantas pueden inhibir la proliferación bacteriana en la cavidad oral. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la susceptibilidad in vitro de Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 frente al aceite esencial de Rosmarinus officinalis. Para la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial se utilizó el método cuantitativo de dilución en agar, descrito por Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) para bacterias anaerobias. El aceite esencial de R. officinalis demostró una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) contra Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 de 1000 μg/ml. Estos resultados sugieren que el aceite esencial podría ser útil como un agente antibacteriano en preparaciones de uso oral.

The interest in natural products as a source of antimicrobial agents has been increasing. Previous studies have shown that plant extract may inhibit bacterial growth in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 against the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, quantitative agar dilution method described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for anaerobic bacteria was used. The essential oil of R. officinalis showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 µg/ml against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277. These results suggest that essential oil of R. officinalis may be useful as an antibacterial agent in oral preparations.

Antioxidant Activity of Oral Administration of Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves Extract on Rat's Hippocampus which Exposed to 6-Hydroxydopamine

Carnosic acid, a diterpene of Rosemarinus officinalis leaves extract (RE), has potent antioxidant activity in vitro. The dopaminergic connection of substantia nigra pars compacta to the hippocampus might be affected by oxidative stress which caused cognitive impairment observed in the early phase of Parkinson's disease (PD). Adult male Wistar rats were lesioned bilaterally by intra-nigral injection of 6-OHDA, and divided into six groups: four groups that orally given RE containing 40% of carnosic acid, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg (treated rats) and distilled water (H2O), once daily for a period of 14 days before and after the injury. There were also two another groups as control rats which injected by normal saline and untreated lesion group. The injured animals were evaluated for their spatial memory performance by Morris Water Maze test. Lesioned rats showed significant increase in escape latency, as compared with control group. Two weeks after injury, tissue samples were collected from the hippocampus. Levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. There were significant increase of SOD, GPX and CAT enzymes activities in RE50 treated group as compared to lesioned rats. We found a significant decrease of ROS in RE50 treated group as compared to Lesioned rats. These findings provide evidence that 50 mg/kg of RE decreased oxidative damage of the hippocampus induced by 6-OHDA and serve as potential candidate for the treatment of PD.

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and antioxidant action against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in the rat

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Ros-marinus officinalis (R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo. Methods: The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were pre-pared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured. Results: Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of (140.2 ± 37.2) mm2. In animals pretreated with essential oil of R. officinalis (50 mg/kg, p.o.), a significant inhibition of mucosal injury of (21.2 ± 7.1) mm2 (84%inhibition) was observed. The essential oil of R. officinalis protected the gastric mucosa probably by modulating the activities of the enzymes (superoxide dismutase and gluta-thione peroxidase) and increasing or maintaining the levels of glutathione. In addition, lipid peroxides levels were reduced. The essential oil of R. officinalis was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and the main constituents were cineole (28.5%), camphor (27.7%) and alpha-pinene (21.3%). Conclusions: We suggest that the monoterpenes present in the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis may be among the active principles responsible for the antioxidant activity shown by essential oil of R. officinalis.

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil and antioxidant action against gastric damage induced by absolute ethanol in the rat

Objective To evaluate the antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in vivo. Methods The antioxidant properties of the essential oil obtained from R. officinalis were evaluated against gastric injury induced by absolute ethanol. Gastric tissues were prepared to enzymatic assays. The levels of glutathione, lipid peroxides, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase were measured. Results Ethanol produced severe hemorrhagic lesions in the stomach with ulcerative lesion of (140.2 ± 37.2) mm

Avaliação de atividades biológicas dos extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) e Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) / Assessment of biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts

No presente estudo foram avaliadas algumas atividades biológicas dos extratos de R. officinalis L. (alecrim) e T. vulgaris L. (tomilho), verificando:I. Atividade antimicrobiana sobre biofilmes monomicrobianos de Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans e Pseudomonas aeruginosa e associações de C. albicans com cada uma destas bactérias, após determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração microbicida mínima (CMM) sobre culturas planctônicas destes micro-organismos; II. Viabilidade celular sobre macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7), fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1), linhagem tumoral de carcinoma mamário (MCF-7) e linhagem tumoral de carcinoma cervical (HeLa); III. Atividade antiinflamatória sobre RAW 264.7 estimulada por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli; e IV. Atividade genotóxica. Após verificação da capacidade antimicrobiana dos extratos, por método de microdiluição em caldo, as concentrações mais efetivas foram aplicadas nos demais testes.Sobre os biofilmes mono e polimicrobianos, formados por 48 h em poços de placa de microtitulação, a ação dos extratos foi analisada após exposição de 5 min, com quantificação de UFC/mL e analise de suaviabilidade. Da mesma forma, sobre as linhagens celulares (RAW 264.7,FMM-1, MCF-7 e HeLa), cultivadas por 24 h em placas de microtitulação,os extratos foram analisados com os ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro(VN) e cristal violeta (CV). Foi analisado o efeito anti-inflamatório dos extratos com ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA, pela quantificação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α e IL-1β). A genotoxicidade dos extratos foi verificada pela frequência de micronúcleos (MN) formados em 1000 células. Os resultados foram analisados por T-Test ou ANOVA e Tukey Test (p ≤ 0,05). Em relação ao extrato de R. officinalis L. foi observada redução significativa de todos os biofilmes após exposição de 5 min, bem como, redução de sua viabilidade.Quanto às células, ...

This study performed some biological activities of R. officinalis L.(rosemary) and T. vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts, such as: I. Antimicrobial activity on monomicrobial biofilms of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C. albicans association with each of these bacteria, after determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) on planktonic cultures of these microorganisms; II. Cell viability on mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7),human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa); III. Anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7; and IV. Genotoxic activity. After checking the antimicrobial capacity of the extracts by broth microdilution method, the most effective concentrations were applied in the other tests. On mono- and polymicrobial biofilms formed by 48 h in microtitre plate wells, the action of the extracts was analyzed after 5 min exposure, with counting of CFU/mL and analysis of their viability. Likewise, in the cell lines (RAW 264.7, FMM-1, MCF-7 and HeLa cells) cultured for 24 h in microtitre plates, the extracts were analyzed by MTT, neutral red (NR) and crystal violet (CV) assays. By ELISA assay, anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts was analyzed with quantification of pro inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The genotoxicity of the extracts was verifiedby the micronuclei frequency (MN) formed in 1000 cells. The results were analyzed by T-Test or ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the R.officinalis L. extract was observed significant reduction of all biofilms after 5 min of exposure, as well as reduction their viability. Additionally, cellviability above 50% to ≤ 50 mg/mL was observed on lineages. The IL-1βlevel did not change with the concentrations of the extract, but when RAW 264.7 was stimulated by LPS ...

Avaliação de atividades biológicas dos extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) e Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) / Assessment of biological activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts

No presente estudo foram avaliadas algumas atividades biológicas dos extratos de R. officinalis L. (alecrim) e T. vulgaris L. (tomilho), verificando:I. Atividade antimicrobiana sobre biofilmes monomicrobianos de Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans e Pseudomonas aeruginosa e associações de C. albicans com cada uma destas bactérias, após determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração microbicida mínima (CMM) sobre culturas planctônicas destes micro-organismos; II. Viabilidade celular sobre macrófagos de camundongo (RAW 264.7), fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1), linhagem tumoral de carcinoma mamário (MCF-7) e linhagem tumoral de carcinoma cervical (HeLa); III. Atividade antiinflamatória sobre RAW 264.7 estimulada por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli; e IV. Atividade genotóxica. Após verificação da capacidade antimicrobiana dos extratos, por método de microdiluição em caldo, as concentrações mais efetivas foram aplicadas nos demais testes.Sobre os biofilmes mono e polimicrobianos, formados por 48 h em poços de placa de microtitulação, a ação dos extratos foi analisada após exposição de 5 min, com quantificação de UFC/mL e analise de suaviabilidade. Da mesma forma, sobre as linhagens celulares (RAW 264.7,FMM-1, MCF-7 e HeLa), cultivadas por 24 h em placas de microtitulação,os extratos foram analisados com os ensaios de MTT, vermelho neutro(VN) e cristal violeta (CV). Foi analisado o efeito anti-inflamatório dos extratos com ensaio imunoenzimático ELISA, pela quantificação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias (TNF-α e IL-1β). A genotoxicidade dos extratos foi verificada pela frequência de micronúcleos (MN) formados em 1000 células. Os resultados foram analisados por T-Test ou ANOVA e Tukey Test (p ≤ 0,05). Em relação ao extrato de R. officinalis L. foi observada redução significativa de todos os biofilmes após exposição de 5 min, bem como, redução de sua viabilidade.Quanto às células...

This study performed some biological activities of R. officinalis L.(rosemary) and T. vulgaris L. (thyme) extracts, such as: I. Antimicrobial activity on monomicrobial biofilms of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and C. albicans association with each of these bacteria, after determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) on planktonic cultures of these microorganisms; II. Cell viability on mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7),human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa); III. Anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7; and IV. Genotoxic activity. After checking the antimicrobial capacity of the extracts by broth microdilution method, the most effective concentrations were applied in the other tests. On mono- and polymicrobial biofilms formed by 48 h in microtitre plate wells, the action of the extracts was analyzed after 5 min exposure, with counting of CFU/mL and analysis of their viability. Likewise, in the cell lines (RAW 264.7, FMM-1, MCF-7 and HeLa cells) cultured for 24 h in microtitre plates, the extracts were analyzed by MTT, neutral red (NR) and crystal violet (CV) assays. By ELISA assay, anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts was analyzed with quantification of pro inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The genotoxicity of the extracts was verifiedby the micronuclei frequency (MN) formed in 1000 cells. The results were analyzed by T-Test or ANOVA and Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the R.officinalis L. extract was observed significant reduction of all biofilms after 5 min of exposure, as well as reduction their viability. Additionally, cellviability above 50% to ≤ 50 mg/mL was observed on lineages. The IL-1βlevel did not change with the concentrations of the extract, but when RAW 264.7 was stimulated by LPS...

First Report of Web Blight of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IB in Korea

Herein, we report the first occurrence of web blight of rosemary caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IB in Gangneung, Gangwon Province, Korea, in August 2014. The leaf tissues of infected rosemary plants were blighted and white mycelial growth was seen on the stems. The fungus was isolated from diseased leaf tissue and cultured on potato dextrose agar for identification. The young hyphae had acute angular branching near the distal septum of the multinucleate cells and mature hyphal branches formed at an approximately 90degrees angle. This is morphologically identical to R. solani AG-1-IB, as per previous reports. rDNA-ITS sequences of the fungus were homologous to those of R. solani AG-1-IB isolates in the GenBank database with a similarity percentage of 99%, thereby confirming the identity of the causative agent of the disease. Pathogenicity of the fungus in rosemary plants was also confirmed by Koch's postulates.

Crescimento vegetativo e produção de óleo essencial de plantas de alecrim cultivadas sob telas coloridas / Vegetative growth and yield of essential oil of the rosemary plants development when cultivated under colored screens

O alecrim é planta exótica e o interesse no seu cultivo tem crescido ao longo dos anos, pois pode ser utilizado tanto para fins medicinais como aromáticos e largamente utilizado na medicina popular; no entanto, o conhecimento fitotécnico sobre a espécie é bastante limitado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento vegetativo, o teor e o rendimento de óleo essencial de plantas de alecrim, cultivadas sob telas com diferentes características espectrais. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições, sob estruturas cobertas individualmente nas cores vermelha e azul, com sombreamento de 50% e a pleno sol (0%). Quatro meses depois, foram avaliadas as características de crescimento: altura do ramo principal, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, área foliar, matéria seca das folhas, caule e raízes, os índices fisiológicos: razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE) e a razão de peso foliar (RPF) e o teor e rendimento do óleo essencial. Plantas de alecrim cultivadas em pleno sol e sob malha azul produziram maior biomassa seca de folhas e maiores teores e rendimentos do óleo essencial. O ambiente a pleno sol influenciou o crescimento, a produção de biomassa e as variáveis AF, AFE, RAF e RPF de plantas de alecrim em relação às plantas cultivadas sob telas coloridas. As plantas submetidas às condições de sombreamento apresentaram maior massa seca foliar e caulinar. Porém, conclui-se que altas intensidades alteraram significativamente a distribuição de massa seca particionada e que o uso de diferentes telas não influenciou nas características fisiológicas das plantas de alecrim, independente da cor.

Rosemary is an exotic plant and the interest in its cultivation has been growing along the years, because it can be used for medicinal or aromatic ends used in popular medicine, however the agricultural knowledge about the species is quite limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and the content and yield of the essential oil of rosemary plant when grown under fabric screens with different spectral characteristics. Plants were grown in pots distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates, under structures individually covered in red and blue fabric, with 50% shade and full sunlight (0%).Four months later, we assessed both growth characteristics: main branch height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, dry matter of leaves, stems and roots and physiological indices: leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) content and yield of the essential oil. Rosemary plants grown under full sun and blu net produced higher dry leaf biomass and higher essential oil content and yield The full sun environment influenced the growth, biomass production and the variables LA, SLA, LAR and LWR in rosemary plants in comparison to plants grown under colored fabric screens. Plants under shading conditions showed higher leaf and stem dry mass. However, it is concluded that high intensity significantly alter the distribution of partitioned dr237y mass and that the use of different fabric screens did not affect the physiological characteristics of rosemary plants, regardless its color.